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Bulletin references July 2026

You can read the July 2026 Bulletin here.

Blood and transplantation

Blood at the heart of medicine: A convergent model of coagulation and the case for medical haematology

  1. Masselink LE, Erikson CE, Connell NT, De Castro LM, Dent GA, Marshall AL et al. Associations between hematology/oncology fellows' training and mentorship experiences and hematology-only career plans. Blood Adv 2019;3:3278–3286.
  2. Strivens J, Hellstrom-Lindberg E, Weis Bjerrum O, Toh CH. A European strategy for targeted education in hematology. Haematologica 2013;98:1000–1002.
  3. Muzambi R, Bottle A, Dexter D, Augustine C, Joseph J, Dasaolu F et al. Indicators of inequity in research and funding for sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis and haemophilia: a descriptive comparative study. Lancet Haematol 2025;12:e789–e797.
  4. Hoots WK, Abkowitz JS, Coller BS, DiMichele DM. Planning for the future workforce in hematology research. Blood 2015;125:2745–2752.

Xenotransplantation – are we there yet?

  1. NHSBT. Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation Activity Report 2024/2025. Available at: https://nhsbtdbe.blob.core.windows.net/umbraco-assets-corp/36795/activity-report-2024-2025-final.pdf
  2. World Health Organization. Statement From the Xenotransplantation Advisory Consultation, Geneva, 18-20 April 2005. Available at: www.who.int/publications/m/item/statement-from-the-xenotransplantation-advisory-consultation
  3. Griffith BP, Goerlich CE, Singh AK, Rothblatt M, Lau CL, Shah A et al. Genetically modified porcine-to-human cardiac xenotransplantation. N Engl J Med 2022;387(1):35–44.
  4. Kawai T, Williams WW, Elias N, Fishman JA, Crisalli K, Longchamp A et al. Xenotransplantation of a porcine kidney for end-stage kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2025;392(19):1933–1940.
  5. Tao KS, Yang ZX, Zhang X, Zhang HT, Yue SH, Yang YL et al. Gene-modified pig-to-human liver transplantation. Nature 2025;641(8064):1029–1036.
  6. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Animal-to-human transplants: the ethics of xenotransplantation. Available at: www.nuffieldbioethics.org/wp-content/uploads/xenotransplantation.pdf
  7. Department of Health and Social Care. ISOU Xenotransplantation Sub-group Recommendations. Available at: https://nhsbtdbe.blob.core.windows.net/umbraco-assets-corp/37874/report-of-the-isou-xenotransplantation-sub-group.pdf

Speeding up the use of routine data in blood transfusion for research, benchmarking and quality improvement: the work of the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in data-driven transfusion practice

  1. Infected Blood Inquiry. Final report. London, UK: The Stationery Office, 2024.
  2. Serious Hazards of Transfusion. SHOT Annual Report 2022. 2023.
  3. Mueller MM, Van Remoortel H, Meybohm P, Aranko K, Aubron C, Burger R et al. Patient blood management: recommendations from the Frankfurt Consensus Conference. JAMA 2019;321:983–997.
  4. Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Dennis JA, Trivella M, Roubinian N, Fergusson DA et al. Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021;12:CD002042.
  5. Evans HG, Murphy MF, Foy R, Dhiman P, Green L, Kotze A et al. Harnessing the potential of data-driven strategies to optimise transfusion practice. Br J Haematol 2024;204:74–85.
  6. Murphy MF, Waters JH, Wood EM, Yazer MH. Transfusing blood safely and appropriately. BMJ 2013;347:f4303.
  7. Foy R, Skrypak M, Alderson S, Ivers NM, McInerney B, Stoddart J et al. Revitalising audit and feedback to improve patient care. BMJ 2020;368:m213.
  8. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Blood transfusion (QS138). London, UK: NICE, 2016.
  9. CRASH-2 trial collaborators. Effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events, and blood transfusion in trauma patients. Lancet 2010;376:23–32.
  10. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Blood transfusion (NG24). London, UK: NICE, 2015.
  11. Stanworth SJ, Walwyn R, Grant-Casey J, Hartley S, Moreau L, Lorencatto F et al. Effectiveness of enhanced performance feedback on appropriate use of blood transfusions: a cluster randomised trial. JAMA Netw Open 2022;5:e220364.
  12. Sheikh A, Anderson M, Albala S, Casadei B, Franklin BD, Richards M et al. Health information technology and digital innovation for national learning health and care systems. Lancet Digit Health 2021;3:e383–e396.
  13. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Protecting resources, promoting value: a doctor’s guide to cutting waste in clinical care. London, UK: AoMRC, 2016.

Sharing our subject

The new normal – Clinical complexity and demand for microbiology advice in a post COVID-19 pandemic world

  1. Llewelyn MJ, Price N, Ratnaraja N, Atkins B, Partridge D, Jeffery K. Where now for infection services in the NHS? How lessons from the pandemic should drive long-overdue integration of microbiology and infectious diseases. Clinical medicine 2022;22(6), 586–589.
  2. Ben-Menahem S, Sialm A, Hachfeld A, Rauch A, von Krogh G, Furrer H. How do healthcare providers construe patient complexity? A qualitative study of multimorbidity in HIV outpatient clinical practice. BMJ Open 2021;11:e051013. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051013.
  3. NHS Digital. Healthcare Resource Groups. Published 6 December 2023. Available at: digital.nhs.uk/services/national-casemix-office/the-why-what-and-how-of-casemix/the-casemix-companion/healthcare-resource-groups
  4. Baker RE, Park SW, Yang W, Vecchi GA, Metcalf CJE, Grenfell BT. The impact of COVID-19 nonpharmaceutical interventions on the future dynamics of endemic infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2020;117:30547–30553.
  5. Cohen R, Ashman M, Taha MK, et al. Paediatric respiratory infections after COVID-19. Eurosurveillance. 2022;27:2200759.
  6. Morris DE, Cleary DW, Clarke SC. Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1041.
  7. Klein EY, Monteforte B, Gupta A, Jiang W, May L, Hsieh YH et al. The frequency of influenza and bacterial coinfection: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2016;10:394–403.
  8. George PM, Wells AU, Jenkins RG. Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:807–815.
  9. Huang C, Huang L, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Gu X et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397:220–232.
  10. Cillóniz C, Dominedò C, Torres A. Multimorbidity and pneumonia severity. Crit Care. 2018;22:1–10.
  11. Torres A, Cilloniz C, Niederman MS, et al. Pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. Clin Chest Med. 2021;42:135–152.
  12. Winthrop KL, Mariette X. Immunosuppressive therapies and infection risk. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2018;14:659–660.
  13. Martin-Loeches I, Torres A, Rinaudo M, et al. Pneumonia and healthcare-associated infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2021;34:135–142.
  14. Rawson TM, Moore LSP, Zhu N, Ranganathan N, Skolimowska K, Gilchrist M et al. Bacterial and fungal coinfection in individuals with Coronavirus: A rapid review to support COVID-19 antimicrobial prescribing. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:2459–2468.
  15. Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global burden of antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systemic analysis. Lancet. 2022;399:629–655.
  16. Rhedin S, Lindstrand A, Rotzén-Östlund M, et al. PCR for respiratory pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64:481–488.

Training

The developing landscape of pathology education and educational research

  1. de Bruin ABH, Sibbald M, Monteiro S. The science of learning.  Understanding Medical Education. New Jersey, USA: Wiley, 2018. pp. 23–36.
  2. Croskerry P, Singhal G, Mamede S. Cognitive debiasing 1: origins of bias and theory of debiasing. BMJ Qual & Safety 2013;22(Suppl 2):ii58–ii64.
  3. Evans JS, Stanovich KE. Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspect Psychol Sci 2013;8(3):223–241.
  4. Merikle PM, Smilek D, Eastwood JD. Perception without awareness: perspectives from cognitive psychology. Cognition. 2001;79(1–2):115–134.